12/1Notes from class

lethargic=remiss(indifferent)
---> of, relating to, or characterized by laziness or lack of energy

paramount=supreme=foremost
---> superior to all others
※1530s, from Anglo-French paramont, Old French paramont "above" (in place, order, degree),
mid-14c., from Old French par "by," from Latin per "through, for, by" (per ) + amont "up," from amount "upward" .
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condescending
:to descend to a less formal or dignified level
i learn this word from an amazing book----->
※Fallen Too Far by Abbi Glines

The New York Times bestselling novel that launched the beloved world of Rosemary Beach and introduced the world to Rush and Blaire.

Now there is a  summary from Goodreads...
The wealthy son of a rocker. A tough farm girl from Alabama. Two step-siblings from different worlds. One summer in Rosemary Beach.

The last thing Blaire Wynn wants is to move in with her father’s new family in Rosemary Beach, Florida. She has no choice. Blaire’s mother has passed away after a long illness, leaving behind a mountain of medical debts and no way for Blaire to keep their small Alabama farmhouse.

Driving into the wealthy resort town in a pickup truck with a pistol under her seat, Blaire knows she’ll never fit in. She’s even more disappointed to discover that her father has left for Paris, leaving her with her new stepbrother, Rush Finlay. The cynical, condescending, and unapologetic son of an infamous rock star, Rush is as spoiled as he is gorgeous—and he immediately gets under Blaire’s skin.

But as the summer goes by, Blaire begins to see a side of Rush she never expected, and the chemistry between them becomes impossible to ignore. Unknown to her, Rush has a secret that could destroy Blaire’s entire world. Will she find out what he’s hiding before she falls too far?
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What Is the Difference Between condescending and patronizing?
Very few words in English have exactly the same meaning; even words which appear to be entirely synonymous often will be found to have small differences in certain contexts. The words condescending and patronizing present a fine example of this. At first glance these words appear to be defined somewhat circularly: condescending often has the word "patronizing" in its definition, and patronize is defined, in part, as “to adopt an air of condescension toward.”

But both of these words have specialized senses that lend a shade of meaning to their synonymous senses. Patronizing can mean "giving support to" or "being a customer of," suggesting that the "condescending" sense implies superiority gained through a donor-dependent relationship.

The verb condescend used to be free of any hint of the offensive superiority it usually suggests today. It could mean literally "to go or come down" or, figuratively, "to willingly lower oneself to another’s level," senses that are still occasionally encountered in writings on the Bible. The idea of self-consciously lowering oneself is implied in the "patronizing" sense of condescending.

hype up
: to make (someone) very excited

candor
=candid(frankness =honesty)
 : the quality of being open, sincere, and honest

apathy v.s.pathetic(=sympathy)
apathy : lack of feeling or emotion
 "freedom from suffering," from French apathie (16c.), from Latin apathia, from Greek apatheia "freedom from suffering, impassability, want of sensation," from apathes "without feeling, without suffering or having suffered," from a- "without"  + pathos "emotion, feeling, suffering" .
 ＊Originally a positive quality; sense of "indolence of mind, indifference to what should excite" is from c. 1733.
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How apathy Differs from impassivity and indifference
Apathy, impassivity, and indifference all denote a lack of responsiveness to something that might normally excite interest or emotion. Apathy suggests a puzzling or deplorable inertness or lack of passion, as in “the problem of continued voter apathy.” Impassivity stresses the absence of any external sign of emotion in action or facial expression, as in “teachers frustrated by the impassivity of their students.” Indifference connotes a lack of interest in or concern about something, as in “the company’s apparent indifference to the needs of its employees.”

※hyperbole v.s.understatement
extravagant exaggeration (as “mile-high ice-cream cones”)
Moon river 


Moon river, wider than a mile
I'm crossing you in style some day
Old dream maker, you heart breaker
Wherever you're going, I'm going your way

Two drifters, off to see the world
There's such a lot of world to see
We're after the same rainbow's end, waiting 'round the bend
My huckleberry friend, Moon River, and me

Two drifters, off to see the world
There's such a lot of world to see
We're after the same rainbow's end, waiting round the bend
My huckleberry friend, Moon River, and me
※We're after the same rainbow's end :
The end of the rainbow holds a pot of gold, or is where all your dreams come true. It is the place of fulfillment of your fondest goals.

Breakfast at Tiffany's

※This was used as Audrey Hepburn's theme song in the 1961 movie Breakfast at Tiffany's. Hepburn sings the song in the movie, but the version used on the soundtrack was an instrumental by Henry Mancini and his orchestra. This version was released as a single, as was a vocal version by Jerry Butler which also went to #11 in the US near the end of 1961.

Moon River in Savannah, Georgia

Moon River is a real river in Savannah, Georgia where Mercer grew up. His home overlooked the river and he had fond memories of the place.

The line, "My huckleberry friend" is a reference to Huckleberry Finn, a character in Mark Twain's book Tom Sawyer. Finn lived a carefree life along the banks of the Mississippi river. In the movie, this adds depth to Hepburn's character as she years for the simple things in life.

Henry Mancini

Henry Mancini was a leading composer of music for films and movies, winning 20 Grammy Awards, including 5 for the music to Breakfast At Tiffany's.
※drifter:
one that travels or moves about aimlessly
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The adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

Plot Overview→
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn opens by familiarizing us with the events of the novel that preceded it, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Both novels are set in the town of St. Petersburg, Missouri, which lies on the banks of the Mississippi River. At the end of Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn, a poor boy with a drunken bum for a father, and his friend Tom Sawyer, a middle-class boy with an imagination too active for his own good, found a robber’s stash of gold. As a result of his adventure, Huck gained quite a bit of money, which the bank held for him in trust. Huck was adopted by the Widow Douglas, a kind but stifling woman who lives with her sister, the self-righteous Miss Watson.


As Huckleberry Finn opens, Huck is none too thrilled with his new life of cleanliness, manners, church, and school. However, he sticks it out at the bequest of Tom Sawyer, who tells him that in order to take part in Tom’s new “robbers’ gang,” Huck must stay “respectable.” All is well and good until Huck’s brutish, drunken father, Pap, reappears in town and demands Huck’s money. The local judge, Judge Thatcher, and the Widow try to get legal custody of Huck, but another well-intentioned new judge in town believes in the rights of Huck’s natural father and even takes the old drunk into his own home in an attempt to reform him. This effort fails miserably, and Pap soon returns to his old ways. He hangs around town for several months, harassing his son, who in the meantime has learned to read and to tolerate the Widow’s attempts to improve him. Finally, outraged when the Widow Douglas warns him to stay away from her house, Pap kidnaps Huck and holds him in a cabin across the river from St. Petersburg.

Whenever Pap goes out, he locks Huck in the cabin, and when he returns home drunk, he beats the boy. Tired of his confinement and fearing the beatings will worsen, Huck escapes from Pap by faking his own death, killing a pig and spreading its blood all over the cabin. Hiding on Jackson’s Island in the middle of the Mississippi River, Huck watches the townspeople search the river for his body. After a few days on the island, he encounters Jim, one of Miss Watson’s slaves. Jim has run away from Miss Watson after hearing her talk about selling him to a plantation down the river, where he would be treated horribly and separated from his wife and children. Huck and Jim team up, despite Huck’s uncertainty about the legality or morality of helping a runaway slave. While they camp out on the island, a great storm causes the Mississippi to flood. Huck and Jim spy a log raft and a house floating past the island. They capture the raft and loot the house, finding in it the body of a man who has been shot. Jim refuses to let Huck see the dead man’s face.

Although the island is blissful, Huck and Jim are forced to leave after Huck learns from a woman onshore that her husband has seen smoke coming from the island and believes that Jim is hiding out there. Huck also learns that a reward has been offered for Jim’s capture. Huck and Jim start downriver on the raft, intending to leave it at the mouth of the Ohio River and proceed up that river by steamboat to the free states, where slavery is prohibited. Several days’ travel takes them past St. Louis, and they have a close encounter with a gang of robbers on a wrecked steamboat. They manage to escape with the robbers’ loot.

During a night of thick fog, Huck and Jim miss the mouth of the Ohio and encounter a group of men looking for escaped slaves. Huck has a brief moral crisis about concealing stolen “property”—Jim, after all, belongs to Miss Watson—but then lies to the men and tells them that his father is on the raft suffering from smallpox. Terrified of the disease, the men give Huck money and hurry away. Unable to backtrack to the mouth of the Ohio, Huck and Jim continue downriver. The next night, a steamboat slams into their raft, and Huck and Jim are separated.

Huck ends up in the home of the kindly Grangerfords, a family of Southern aristocrats locked in a bitter and silly feud with a neighboring clan, the Shepherdsons. The elopement of a Grangerford daughter with a Shepherdson son leads to a gun battle in which many in the families are killed. While Huck is caught up in the feud, Jim shows up with the repaired raft. Huck hurries to Jim’s hiding place, and they take off down the river.

 Huck and Jim

A few days later, Huck and Jim rescue a pair of men who are being pursued by armed bandits. The men, clearly con artists, claim to be a displaced English duke (the duke) and the long-lost heir to the French throne (the dauphin). Powerless to tell two white adults to leave, Huck and Jim continue down the river with the pair of “aristocrats.” The duke and the dauphin pull several scams in the small towns along the river. Coming into one town, they hear the story of a man, Peter Wilks, who has recently died and left much of his inheritance to his two brothers, who should be arriving from England any day. The duke and the dauphin enter the town pretending to be Wilks’s brothers. Wilks’s three nieces welcome the con men and quickly set about liquidating the estate. A few townspeople become skeptical, and Huck, who grows to admire the Wilks sisters, decides to thwart the scam. He steals the dead Peter Wilks’s gold from the duke and the dauphin but is forced to stash it in Wilks’s coffin. Huck then reveals all to the eldest Wilks sister, Mary Jane. Huck’s plan for exposing the duke and the dauphin is about to unfold when Wilks’s real brothers arrive from England. The angry townspeople hold both sets of Wilks claimants, and the duke and the dauphin just barely escape in the ensuing confusion. Fortunately for the sisters, the gold is found. Unfortunately for Huck and Jim, the duke and the dauphin make it back to the raft just as Huck and Jim are pushing off.
After a few more small scams, the duke and dauphin commit their worst crime yet: they sell Jim to a local farmer, telling him Jim is a runaway for whom a large reward is being offered. Huck finds out where Jim is being held and resolves to free him. At the house where Jim is a prisoner, a woman greets Huck excitedly and calls him “Tom.” As Huck quickly discovers, the people holding Jim are none other than Tom Sawyer’s aunt and uncle, Silas and Sally Phelps. The Phelpses mistake Huck for Tom, who is due to arrive for a visit, and Huck goes along with their mistake. He intercepts Tom between the Phelps house and the steamboat dock, and Tom pretends to be his own younger brother, Sid.

Tom hatches a wild plan to free Jim, adding all sorts of unnecessary obstacles even though Jim is only lightly secured. Huck is sure Tom’s plan will get them all killed, but he complies nonetheless. After a seeming eternity of pointless preparation, during which the boys ransack the Phelps’s house and make Aunt Sally miserable, they put the plan into action. Jim is freed, but a pursuer shoots Tom in the leg. Huck is forced to get a doctor, and Jim sacrifices his freedom to nurse Tom. All are returned to the Phelps’s house, where Jim ends up back in chains.

When Tom wakes the next morning, he reveals that Jim has actually been a free man all along, as Miss Watson, who made a provision in her will to free Jim, died two months earlier. Tom had planned the entire escape idea all as a game and had intended to pay Jim for his troubles. Tom’s Aunt Polly then shows up, identifying “Tom” and “Sid” as Huck and Tom. Jim tells Huck, who fears for his future—particularly that his father might reappear—that the body they found on the floating house off Jackson’s Island had been Pap’s. Aunt Sally then steps in and offers to adopt Huck, but Huck, who has had enough “sivilizing,” announces his plan to set out for the West.

※stick it out
to continue to do something to its end
※bequest:
-->the act of bequeathing
-->the money or property belonging to someone that they say that, after their death, they wish to be given to other people.
※confinement:
the act of confining someone or something : the state of being confined
※dauphin
  the eldest son of a king of France
※scam
a fraudulent or deceptive act or operation
※elopement:(Noun)
 to run away from one's husband with a lover
※bum
 one who sponges off others and avoids work

sponge

※sponge:
to live by relying on the generosity of someone else
※stash 
  to store in a usually secret place for future use —often used with away
※ loot
something appropriated illegally often by force or violence
※smallpox
an acute contagious febrile disease of humans that is caused by a poxvirus , is characterized by a skin eruption with pustules, sloughing, and scar formation, and is believed to have been eradicated globally by widespread vaccination
※pustule
a small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus and having an inflamed base
※slough
 a mass of dead tissue separating from an ulcer
※eradicate
to pull up by the roots

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＊Illustrations

Mark Twain

The original illustrations were done by E.W. Kemble, at the time a young artist working for Life magazine. Kemble was hand-picked by Twain, who admired his work. Hearn suggests that Twain and Kemble had a similar skill, writing that:

Whatever he may have lacked in technical grace ... Kemble shared with the greatest illustrators the ability to give even the minor individual in a text his own distinct visual personality; just as Twain so deftly defined a full-rounded character in a few phrases, so too did Kemble depict with a few strokes of his pen that same entire personage.

As Kemble could afford only one model, most of his illustrations produced for the book were done by guesswork. When the novel was published, the illustrations were praised even as the novel was harshly criticized. E.W. Kemble produced another set of illustrations for Harper's and the American Publishing Company in 1898 and 1899 after Twain lost the copyright.


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FEMINIST LENS ON HUCKLEBERRY FINN

Miss Watson and the Widow Douglas

A mix of the mother and old maid stereotype:

＊They are motherly figures to Huck because they take care of him and are the main women authority figures in Huck's life
＊The Widow is kind to him and does what she thinks is best for him, and Miss Watson tries to teach him good behavior and religion
＊"Don't gap and stretch like that, Huckleberry-why don't you behave?"
＊For this reason, these women are confining figures in Huck's life
＊Women in this novel and this time, like Miss Watson and Window Douglas, were fond of the idea of civilizing the younger generation. That was their role in society.

Aunt Sally

I.She is similar to Miss Watson

＊She resembles the mother stereotype
＊When she thinks that Huck is her nephew she takes care of him like family and is kind to him
＊Even after she learns who Huck really is she tries to help him
II.She is a confining woman figure to Huck

＊She was going to try to civilize him, like Miss Watson, and he didn't like it
＊"Aunt Sally she's gonna adopt me and sivilize me, and I can't stand it. I been there before."



When Loftus explains how girls throw and catch, she implies her knowledge of how boys do it as well. "When you throw at a rat or anything, hitch yourself up on a-tiptoe and fetch your hand up over your head as awkward as you can, and miss your rat by six or seven feet." She can detail femininity because she sees it as a role, indicating how masculinity is also a role. She herself also pretends to be feminine by not being able to hit the rat, to make Huck reveal his masculinity.

Being a girl means being unable to move freely, Sarah (Huck) has to wait for Loftus' husband to return and escort her (him). Men act out their parts; even though Mrs. Loftus found out Jim's hiding place, her husband will go to capture him.

Mrs Loftus: "You do a girl tolerable poor, but you might fool men, maybe." This is the final blow to authority of gender, women recognize femininity better than men, meaning femininity is more than just wearing a dress, which was all Huck was doing. The definition of opposite gender is true for women, who are more restricted by masculinity. Here she suggests that original impulse is not biology but ideology. Huck can choose to either hit or miss the rat, but a girl can only miss it. She describes femininity as something women do, a composite activity made up of certain acts they perform well and others they perform skillfully, badly or not at all. Masculinity is the opposite. She shows Huck that gender is nurture rather than nature. Femininity includes observing the performance of gender.

The Wilks Sisters- Mary Jane

I.They fit the virgin stereotype
＊They are all very dependent on the men in their lives
＊They are really innocent and are easily deceived by men
＊They believe all the lies that the duke the king and even Huck tell them. They did actually think that II.Huck was lying but then the other sisters said she was being rude for not believing him
" Honest injun, now, ain't you been telling me a lot of lies?...It ain't right nor kind for you to talk to him so...it don't make no difference what he said --that ain't the thing. For you to treat him kind, and not be saying things that remind him that he ain't in his own country and amongst his own folks."

III.Huck loved Mary Jane and she was a positive influence on Huck
IV.Because he loved her he didn't want to hurt her and lie to her anymore so he stole the money back to give to her
V."Poor things were so happy it made my heart ache to see them getting fooled and lied to so."

Sophia Grangerford

I.The exception to the other female characters is Sophia Grangerford.
II.All the other women stay put in their domestic lives, which is their "normal" role in society, but Sophia runs away from home to elope.

＊She represents a rebellious female figure while the others conformed to society
＊She showed Huck that he wasn't the only one who thought that the feud was ridiculous
＊Her secret marriage causes the death of her brother Buck. This suggests that when women attempt to break their ties to being domestic, there are consequences.
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Psalm 23 :the valley of shadow of  death from 

President Bush's Address to the Nation from the Oval Office After the September 11th Attacks

Psalm 23 :the valley of shadow of  death

President Bush

Transcript:
Good evening.

Today, our fellow citizens, our way of life, our very freedom came under attack in a series of deliberate and deadly terrorist acts.

The victims were in airplanes or in their offices -- secretaries, businessmen and women, military and federal workers. Moms and dads. Friends and neighbors.

Thousands of lives were suddenly ended by evil, despicable acts of terror.

The pictures of airplanes flying into buildings, fires burning, huge structures collapsing, have filled us with disbelief, terrible sadness and a quiet, unyielding anger.

These acts of mass murder were intended to frighten our nation into chaos and retreat. But they have failed. Our country is strong. A great people has been moved to defend a great nation.

Terrorist attacks can shake the foundations of our biggest buildings, but they cannot touch the foundation of America. These acts shatter steel, but they cannot dent the steel of American resolve.

America was targeted for attack because we're the brightest beacon for freedom and opportunity in the world. And no one will keep that light from shining.

Today, our nation saw evil, the very worst of human nature, and we responded with the best of America, with the daring of our rescue workers, with the caring for strangers and neighbors who came to give blood and help in any way they could.

Immediately following the first attack, I implemented our government's emergency response plans. Our military is powerful, and it's prepared. Our emergency teams are working in New York City and Washington, D.C., to help with local rescue efforts.

Our first priority is to get help to those who have been injured and to take every precaution to protect our citizens at home and around the world from further attacks.

The functions of our government continue without interruption. Federal agencies in Washington which had to be evacuated today are reopening for essential personnel tonight and will be open for business tomorrow.

Our financial institutions remain strong, and the American economy will be open for business as well.

The search is underway for those who are behind these evil acts. I've directed the full resources for our intelligence and law enforcement communities to find those responsible and bring them to justice. We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them.

I appreciate so very much the members of Congress who have joined me in strongly condemning these attacks. And on behalf of the American people, I thank the many world leaders who have called to offer their condolences and assistance.

America and our friends and allies join with all those who want peace and security in the world and we stand together to win the war against terrorism.

Tonight I ask for your prayers for all those who grieve, for the children whose worlds have been shattered, for all whose sense of safety and security has been threatened. And I pray they will be comforted by a power greater than any of us spoken through the ages in Psalm 23: "Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I fear no evil, for You are with me."

the valley of shadow of  death

This is a day when all Americans from every walk of life unite in our resolve for justice and peace. America has stood down enemies before, and we will do so this time.

None of us will ever forget this day, yet we go forward to defend freedom and all that is good and just in our world.

Thank you. Good night and God bless America.

※evacuate: to remove especially from a military zone or dangerous area
※implement: an article serving to equip
※on behalf of:as a representative of someone
※every walk of life :every status and occupation
※retreat:an act or process of withdrawing especially from what is difficult, dangerous, or disagreeable
※despicable :  deserving to be despised  ;so worthless or obnoxious as to rouse moral indignation
※dent :to have a weakening effect on
※obnoxious :exposed to something unpleasant or harmful
☆What is the difference between represent and on behalf of?
consider the usages:
I do Y on behalf of X
I represent X in doing Y

These 2 patterns are interchangeable, and mean the same thing.
 However, you can't substitute on behalf of and represent directly for each other.
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evince : show plainly exhibit
rebuke:  criticize reproach
detached: not emotional ; not influenced by emotions or personal interest