(My professor has mentioned this song before,but I take this is an important review)
Jeanie with the light brown hair
| light brown hair |
I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair
Borne, like a vapor, on the summer air
I see her tripping where the bright streams play
Happy as the daisies that dance on her way
Many were the wild notes her merry voice would pour
Many were the blithe birds that warbled them o'er
Oh! I dream of Jeannie with the light brown hair
Floating, like a vapor, on the soft, summer air
I long for Jeannie with the day dawn smile
Radiant in gladness, warm with winning guile
I hear her melodies, like joys gone by
Sighing round my heart o'er the fond hopes that die
Sighing like the night wind and sobbing like the rain
Wailing for the lost one that comes not again
Oh! I long for Jeannie, and my heart bows low
Never more to find her where the bright waters flow
I sigh for Jeannie, but her light form strayed
Far from the fond hearts round her native glade
Her smiles have vanished and her sweet songs flown
Flitting like the dreams that have cheered us and gone
Now the nodding wild flow'rs may wither on the shore
While her gentle fingers will cull them no more
Oh! I sigh for Jeannie with the light brown hair
Floating like a vapor, on the soft summer air
And here is a Japanese animation...
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Movie : No String Attached
You might run into the term, "no strings relationship" on an adult dating site, or perhaps someone you went on a date with suggested it was something they were interested in. But what does it mean, really?
Movie ---No String Attached
Synopsis
Adam (Ashton Kutcher) and Emma (Natalie Portman) met each other once at a school summer camp but never committed. Several years later and they meet again. Adam is now a writer and an assistant on a TV show and she's a nurse. When Adam discovers that his father Alvin (Kevin Kline), a washed-up actor, is having a relationship with his ex-girlfriend, he goes on an all-night bender. Waking up in Emma's house, he finds comfort in her and they have spontaneous sex too. They decide that they should restrict their relationship to this level as she isn't comfortable with dating. She decides to keep it a secret from her housemate's Patrice (Greta Gerwig) and Shira (Mindy Kaling). Typically, Adam feels left out by this demand and tries to develop the relationship into something more with the help of his friends Wallace (Ludacris) and Eli (Jake M. Johnson).
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| "No String Attached"starred by Natalie Portman |
In general terms, when two people decide to engage in a sexual relationship that has no ties or expectation with regards to finances, exclusivity or romance, they're in a no strings relationship. Literally, there are no strings, connections or attachments binding the two together.
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When you're casually dating, depending on the context of the relationship, there are definite "strings", or connections to one another beyond just sex. Now, some people might deem casual dating and no-strings the same thing, however, by definition, they differ.
No strings means exactly that: it's just two people without any other connection, relationship drama, or bond. It's likely just sex, or at the very least, something sexually intimate. Neither person has an attachment to the other person, and there are zero expectations for each person's behaviour. You may hook up once or repeatedly, but it's casual. Just, not casual dating. Why?
Dating, by definition implies that there's some sort of bond, or, intention of seeing whether or not the relationship can blossom into something more. Casually dating takes this to a more laid-back level, yet you're still invested and interested in seeing where things go.
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A friends with benefits relationship refers to a relationship where you're (supposedly) friends, yet keep things mostly between the sheets. Meaning, you're really just having sex, but want more than just a hookup or no-strings. You genuinely want to like the other person and have each other in your life, it's just you don't want a full-fledged dating relationship with this person, for whatever reason.
Is Hooking Up and No Strings The Same Thing?
It can be, although it doesn't have to be. Hooking up, depending on the context and geographical region, usually refers to two people connecting in some way, usually sexually. Literally, it's two people becoming "hooked" on one another. While it's often a casual term, meaning, not used with people in a long term dating partnership, it can be. Regardless, no-strings really does mean no strings, and so, you'll want to clarify with anyone using the term "hooking up" to see if they mean no-strings casual sex, or just meeting up to see what happens.
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The differences between malignant and malicious
As adjectives the difference between malignant and malicious is that
malignant is harmful, malevolent, injurious while
malicious is of, pertaining to, or as a result of malice or spite.
For example:
※malignant tumor
※malicious gossip
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Natalie Portman 's another marvelous acting
The Other Boleyn Girl
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Most students have probably heard the story of England's King Henry VIII and his many wives. In particular, people have read about the wife that King Henry had beheaded—Anne Boleyn. But few have heard the story of Anne's sister. With only a few scattered historical details available to her, Philippa Gregory has created an intriguing historical fiction about Mary Boleyn, who is, as the title suggests, The Other Boleyn Girl.
The novel begins with the beheading of the Duke of Buckinghamshire, a close friend of King Henry's, whose crime was having publicly stated that the king would "likely die without a son to succeed him to the throne." Thus in the first three pages of this historical novel the tone is set for the rest of the story. It immediately becomes obvious that the young king is beginning to exercise his tyrannical powers; he will not allow anyone—friend or foe—to get in his way; and he is extremely serious about having a male heir. And as readers will discover, the king will do anything to get one.
Gregory takes her readers inside King Henry's court where ladies-in-waiting and male courtiers fawn over both the king and the queen. Their days are spent pleasing the royal couple, helping them dress as well as counseling them. Underneath their friendly façades, however, these courtiers and ladies-in-waiting are scheming. They are spies and manipulating pawns for their families, who are seeking power, money, and fame. In this novel, the two most famous families are the Howard-Boleyns and the Seymours. The main focus of both families is to be the first to give the king his most prized possession—a male heir. What the families do to accomplish this goal creates an intriguing and riveting story.
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| It's a story of the intense and dark court romance between Henry VIII and two sisters... |
Family devotion is played out in Gregory's novel especially in terms of the three main characters, Mary, Anne, and George Boleyn. They are siblings who are tied together through a combination of social and familial pressures and expectations. But there is also a form of love that exists in this relationship, especially in regards to Mary and George, whose emotions for one another are vividly expressed. Mary, who is often criticized in this novel for being emotionally soft, sees the world through love. She loves her sister Anne, for example, no matter how harshly Anne treats her. Even when Anne betrays her sister by stealing Henry, Mary forgives her. Mary will not allow Henry to come between her and her sister, no matter what.
George also is soft hearted. And one of the softest places in his heart is for his sister Anne. Anne can do nothing wrong, in George's eyes. His devotion to her may well have led to his death.
Family devotion is also demonstrated in the way that the three Boleyn siblings do whatever their parents ask of them. They sacrifice their personal desires for the good of the family. Mary marries her first husband at the age of twelve because her parents have ordered her to do so. Then she leaves him a year later and goes to bed with the king in order that her family might be given greater titles, money, and power. When Mary is pregnant, and the family is concerned that the king's interest in Mary might wane because she can no longer go to bed with him, the Howard-Boleyns throw Anne at the king to distract him for seeking a young woman from the family's arch rivals. Anne is all too eager to do this, not for her family, though, but rather for her own personal gain.
In contrast to the manipulation of power and family devotion is real love and natural emotions. Mary is torn between what she has been led to believe is her duty to family and the emotions that stir inside her. She was just beginning to love her...
| The left one is Mary (acted by Scarlet Johansson )and the right is Natalie Portmen |
Characters
※Jane Parker—George Boleyn's wife through arranged marriage.
※Francis Weston—courtier with whom George Boleyn has a homosexual affair.
※Sir Thomas Boleyn—Anne, Mary, and George's father.
※Elizabeth Howard Boleyn—Sir Thomas's wife.
※Thomas Howard—head of Howard-Boleyn family, one of the more important men in England.
※Duke of Buckinghamshire—distant relative of the Boleyn's who is beheaded at the beginning of the novel for insulting the king.
※King Henry VIII—King of England (1491–1547, in real life).
※Queen Katherine of Aragon—Henry's first wife of Spanish origins. Daughter of
Queen Isabella of Spain.
※Princess Mary—child of King Henry and Queen Katherine.
※Bessie Blount—former mistress of king before Mary Boleyn.
※Henry Fitzroy—son of Bessie Blount and King Henry.
※Henry Percy—friend of Anne and George. He is accused and beheaded for adultery with Anne.
※Charles of Spain—nephew of Queen Katherine who turns against King Henry.
※Jane Seymour—young girl of the Seymour family who wins the king's fancy after Anne cannot conceive a son.
※Madge Shelton—one of the Howard-Boleyn family put in King Henry’s favor to steer him away from Jane Seymour.
※Thomas Wolsey—Lord Chancellor to King Henry. Wolsey is the Pope’s consent for the king’s divorce from Katherine.
※Thomas More—becomes the king's chancellor after Wolsey is dismissed. More resigns rather than give approval to king for his divorce from Katherine.
Critical overview
When Gregory's novel, The Other Boleyn Girl, was published it became a popular success with readers but did not receive much critical attention. In 2008, most of the attention in the United States went to the movie adaptation of Gregory's novel. Critics may have been tepid but American readers passed the word along that The Other Boleyn Girl was a page-turning, good read.
While many reviews were ho-hum, some were more enthusiastic. For instance, Jeff Zaleski, from Publishers Weekly, wrote that The Other Boleyn Girl is a "fresh, wonderfully vivid retelling of the story of Anne Boleyn." And a reviewer from the Library Journalpraised Gregory's writing. Kathy Piehl wrote: "She [Gregory] controls a complicated narrative and dozens of characters without faltering."
There appear to be more online reviews for this novel than there are critical print comments. One comes from Marian Kensler, writing for the online publication called Copperfield Review. Kensler found that Gregory has scored a hit in terms of creating "a story which is hard to put down." Kensler pointed out some historically incorrect details in Gregory's novel but continued: "You will not get the most solid history with The Other Boleyn Girl but you will get a pleasant weekend with a painless side-helping of history thrown in."
At another online site called Reading Group Guides, an anonymous reviewer had this to say about The Other Boleyn Girl: It is "a rich and compelling tale of love, sex, ambition, and intrigue, The Other Boleyn Girl introduces a woman of extraordinary determination and desire who lived at the heart of the most exciting and glamorous court in Europe and survived by following her own heart.”
Analysis
The setting of Gregory's novel, The Other Boleyn Girl, is sixteenth-century England, beginning in 1521, with the reunion of the Boleyn sisters in King Henry the VIII's court and ending in 1536 with the beheading of Anne Boleyn.
This was a tumultuous time in British history. Henry VIII came to power at the beginning of this century in 1509. Four years later, Earl of Surrey, Thomas Howard (of the powerful Howard-Boleyn family in this novel) defeated the Scots who attempted to invade Britain. In 1517, Martin Luther launched the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church, which in turn, influenced Henry VIII's bold move to claim that he, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. In 1533, when Henry marries Anne Boleyn, he is excommunicated from the Catholic Church.
On other political fronts, Queen Katherine, Henry's first wife, lost favor not only because she did not bear a son for Henry but also because her nephew, Charles, who became Emperor Charles V of Spain, turned against King Henry by not supporting British forces in Henry's bid to take over France. Henry wanted to be king of both England and France and was led to believe that Charles would help him in this move. However, as it turned out, Charles was interested in expanding his own power. He captured the northern portion of France and Italy instead and claimed himself emperor.
Other signs of trouble for the king occurred after Henry defied the pope, divorced and exiled his then-wife Queen Katherine, and then married Anne Boleyn. Local citizens, who loved Queen Katherine, decried Henry's decisions and began terrorizing Anne whenever she went out into the public realm. The citizens referred to Anne as a "whore" and emotionally wrought mobs threatened to do Anne bodily harm.
Readers should also understand that this time in history was not very favorable for women. There had never been a female monarch at this time in England, for instance. Women were taught they were inferior to men and in some cases, women were considered the instruments of the devil. From an early age, women were taught to obey their parents without question. This belief was carried into marriage, where women would do the same with their husbands. It was rare that a woman received an education. Jane Seymour, whom King Henry married after Anne Boleyn, could barely read, though Anne Boleyn was highly educated. In terms of marriage, it was rare that a woman of noble birth would choose her own husband. Marriages in the nobility were based on political or economic gain for the woman's family. Royal marriages were largely arranged for political and military power. Often kings and queens did not see one another until their wedding day. Because of the lower ranking of women, a male heir was the only assurance of passing titles and family wealth from one generation to the other. Thus the crazed need, as perceived by Henry, for a son.
※tepid: (of liquid ) not very warm
※ho-hum: an expression used when someone is bored ,or when they accept that something unpleasant cannot be stopped from happening
=innocuous
=bland
=banal( boring , ordinary and not original)
 |
| ho-hum expression |
※delirious: unable to think or speak clearly because of fever or mental confusion
=crazed
=insane
=mad
=manic
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Manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The phrase was first employed by John L. O’Sullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited.
The term manifest destiny originated in the 1840s. It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans’ providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.
It was, O’Sullivan claimed, ‘our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.’ The term and the concept were taken up by those desiring to secure Oregon Territory, California, Mexican land in the Southwest, and, in the 1850s, Cuba. Originally a partisan Democratic issue, ‘manifest destiny’ gained Republican adherents as time passed. By the end of the century, expansionists were employing quasi-Darwinist reasoning to argue that because its ‘Anglo-Saxon heritage’ made America supremely fit, it had become the nation’s ‘manifest destiny’ to extend its influence beyond its continental boundaries into the Pacific and Caribbean basins.
e-out
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Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
Quote:
Character
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Manifest destiny
Manifest Destiny is a term for the attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the United States not only could, but was destined to, stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico. The phrase was first employed by John L. O’Sullivan in an article on the annexation of Texas published in the July-August 1845 edition of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review, which he edited.
The term manifest destiny originated in the 1840s. It expressed the belief that it was Anglo-Saxon Americans’ providential mission to expand their civilization and institutions across the breadth of North America. This expansion would involve not merely territorial aggrandizement but the progress of liberty and individual economic opportunity as well.
It was, O’Sullivan claimed, ‘our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.’ The term and the concept were taken up by those desiring to secure Oregon Territory, California, Mexican land in the Southwest, and, in the 1850s, Cuba. Originally a partisan Democratic issue, ‘manifest destiny’ gained Republican adherents as time passed. By the end of the century, expansionists were employing quasi-Darwinist reasoning to argue that because its ‘Anglo-Saxon heritage’ made America supremely fit, it had become the nation’s ‘manifest destiny’ to extend its influence beyond its continental boundaries into the Pacific and Caribbean basins.
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| In 1840, the entire southwestern corner of the United States was controlled by foreign powers (shown in orange), and the territorial dispute over the Oregon Territory (light green) had not been settled. By 1850 the U.S. had control of lands from the Atlantic to the Pacific, covering almost all of today's continental United States. |
exile
evacuate
evaporate
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cap---->head
※capital
※captain
Decapitated Henry VIII
The six women who were married to King Henry VIII were, in chronological order:
| Henry VIII |
＊Catherine of Aragon (divorced, died while detained under guard at Kimbolton Castle, mother of Mary I)
＊Anne Boleyn (executed, mother of Elizabeth I)
＊Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth to Edward VI, believed to be caused by birth complications)
＊Anne of Cleves (divorced, outlived the rest of the wives)
＊Catherine Howard (executed)
＊Catherine Parr (widowed)
Henry's first marriage lasted nearly 24 years, while the remaining five totaled less than 10 years combined.
A common mnemonic device to remember the fates of Henry's consorts is "Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived". There is also a rhyme:
King Henry VIII,
to six wives he was wedded.
one died, one survived,
two divorced, two beheaded.
However, Henry did not "divorce" two wives, but rather had the marriages annulled. At the time, the laws relating to marriage were under the jurisdiction of canon(basic) law, and there was no divorce under canon law. Henry's marriage to Anne Boleyn was also annulled before her death. So if one accepts the courts' finding that the annulled marriages had never existed, Henry only had three wives—Seymour, Howard and Parr.
It is often noted that Catherine Parr "survived him." In fact, Anne of Cleves also survived the king, and was the last of his queens to die. Of the six queens, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, and Jane Seymour each gave Henry one child who survived infancy: two daughters and one son. All three of these children would eventually ascend to the throne: King Edward VI, Queen Mary I, and Queen Elizabeth I, respectively.
Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn, the two of Henry's queens who were beheaded, were first cousins. Several of Henry's wives worked in at least one of his other wives' service, typically as ladies-in-waiting:
Anne Boleyn worked in Catherine of Aragon's service,
Jane Seymour worked in Catherine of Aragon's and Anne Boleyn's,
and Catherine Howard worked in Anne of Cleves's.
Anne Boleyn worked in Catherine of Aragon's service,
Jane Seymour worked in Catherine of Aragon's and Anne Boleyn's,
and Catherine Howard worked in Anne of Cleves's.
Henry was distantly related to all six of his wives through their common ancestor, King Edward I of England.
※annul: to officially announce something such as a law ,agreement , or marriage no longer exists.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte
Quote:
"Sometimes I have the strangest feeling about you. Especially when you are near me as you are now. It feels as though I had a string tied here under my left rib where my heart is, tightly knotted to you in a similar fashion. And when you go to Ireland, with all that distance between us, I am afraid that this cord will be snapped, and I shall bleed inwardly."
Synopsis
 Jane Eyre and Mr. Rochester |
Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Jane’s aunt imprisons Jane in the red-room, the room in which Jane’s Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane, believing that she sees her uncle’s ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to find herself in the care of Bessie and the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to school. To Jane’s delight, Mrs. Reed concurs.
Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic. The school’s headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while using the school’s funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his own family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong, martyrlike attitude toward the school’s miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of consumption. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a group of more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehurst’s place, Jane’s life improves dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher.
After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches a lively French girl named Adèle. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane’s employer at Thornfield is a dark, impassioned man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to work at Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the entire story. Jane sinks into despondency when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly.
The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife. Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife—a woman named Bertha. Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason’s claims, but he explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the wedding party back to Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield.
Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Riverses are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three newfound relatives.
St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to accompany him—as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she does not love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and she nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves when one night she hears Rochester’s voice calling her name over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester’s new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary.
At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold their first son at his birth.
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※Jane Eyre - The protagonist and narrator of the novel, Jane is an intelligent, honest, plain-featured young girl forced to contend with oppression, inequality, and hardship. Although she meets with a series of individuals who threaten her autonomy, Jane repeatedly succeeds at asserting herself and maintains her principles of justice, human dignity, and morality. She also values intellectual and emotional fulfillment. Her strong belief in gender and social equality challenges the Victorian prejudices against women and the poor.
Read an in-depth analysis of Jane Eyre.
※Edward Rochester - Jane’s employer and the master of Thornfield, Rochester is a wealthy, passionate man with a dark secret that provides much of the novel’s suspense. Rochester is unconventional, ready to set aside polite manners, propriety, and consideration of social class in order to interact with Jane frankly and directly. He is rash and impetuous and has spent much of his adult life roaming about Europe in an attempt to avoid the consequences of his youthful indiscretions. His problems are partly the result of his own recklessness, but he is a sympathetic figure because he has suffered for so long as a result of his early marriage to Bertha.
Read an in-depth analysis of Edward Rochester.
※St. John Rivers - Along with his sisters, Mary and Diana, St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) serves as Jane’s benefactor after she runs away from Thornfield, giving her food and shelter. The minister at Morton, St. John is cold, reserved, and often controlling in his interactions with others. Because he is entirely alienated from his feelings and devoted solely to an austere ambition, St. John serves as a foil to Edward Rochester.
※Mrs. Reed - Mrs. Reed is Jane’s cruel aunt, who raises her at Gateshead Hall until Jane is sent away to school at age ten. Later in her life, Jane attempts reconciliation with her aunt, but the old woman continues to resent her because her husband had always loved Jane more than his own children.
※Bessie Lee - The maid at Gateshead, Bessie is the only figure in Jane’s childhood who regularly treats her kindly, telling her stories and singing her songs. Bessie later marries Robert Leaven, the Reeds’ coachman.
※Mr. Lloyd - Mr. Lloyd is the Reeds’ apothecary, who suggests that Jane be sent away to school. Always kind to Jane, Mr. Lloyd writes a letter to Miss Temple confirming Jane’s story about her childhood and clearing Jane of Mrs. Reed’s charge that she is a liar.
※Georgiana Reed - Georgiana Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters. The beautiful Georgiana treats Jane cruelly when they are children, but later in their lives she befriends her cousin and confides in her. Georgiana attempts to elope with a man named Lord Edwin Vere, but her sister, Eliza, alerts Mrs. Reed of the arrangement and sabotages the plan. After Mrs. Reed dies, Georgiana marries a wealthy man.
※Eliza Reed - Eliza Reed is Jane’s cousin and one of Mrs. Reed’s two daughters (along with her sister, Georgiana). Not as beautiful as her sister, Eliza devotes herself somewhat self-righteously to the church and eventually goes to a convent in France where she becomes the Mother Superior.
※John Reed - John Reed is Jane’s cousin, Mrs. Reed’s son, and brother to Eliza and Georgiana. John treats Jane with appalling cruelty during their childhood and later falls into a life of drinking and gambling. John commits suicide midway through the novel when his mother ceases to pay his debts for him.
※Helen Burns - Helen Burns is Jane’s close friend at the Lowood School. She endures her miserable life there with a passive dignity that Jane cannot understand. Helen dies of consumption in Jane’s arms.
※Mr. Brocklehurst - The cruel, hypocritical master of the Lowood School, Mr. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of privation, while stealing from the school to support his luxurious lifestyle. After a typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, Brocklehurst’s shifty and dishonest practices are brought to light and he is publicly discredited.
※Maria Temple - Maria Temple is a kind teacher at Lowood, who treats Jane and Helen with respect and compassion. Along with Bessie Lee, she serves as one of Jane’s first positive female role models. Miss Temple helps clear Jane of Mrs. Reed’s accusations against her.
※Miss Scatcherd - Jane’s sour and vicious teacher at Lowood, Miss Scatcherd behaves with particular cruelty toward Helen.
※Alice Fairfax - Alice Fairfax is the housekeeper at Thornfield Hall. She is the first to tell Jane that the mysterious laughter often heard echoing through the halls is, in fact, the laughter of Grace Poole—a lie that Rochester himself often repeats.
※Bertha Mason - Rochester’s clandestine wife, Bertha Mason is a formerly beautiful and wealthy Creole woman who has become insane, violent, and bestial. She lives locked in a secret room on the third story of Thornfield and is guarded by Grace Poole, whose occasional bouts of inebriation sometimes enable Bertha to escape. Bertha eventually burns down Thornfield, plunging to her death in the flames.
※Grace Poole - Grace Poole is Bertha Mason’s keeper at Thornfield, whose drunken carelessness frequently allows Bertha to escape. When Jane first arrives at Thornfield, Mrs. Fairfax attributes to Grace all evidence of Bertha’s misdeeds.
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| Jane Eyre and Adèle Varens |
※Richard Mason - Richard Mason is Bertha’s brother. During a visit to Thornfield, he is injured by his mad sister. After learning of Rochester’s intent to marry Jane, Mason arrives with the solicitor Briggs in order to thwart the wedding and reveal the truth of Rochester’s prior marriage.
※Mr. Briggs - John Eyre’s attorney, Mr. Briggs helps Richard Mason prevent Jane’s wedding to Rochester when he learns of the existence of Bertha Mason, Rochester’s wife. After John Eyre’s death, Briggs searches for Jane in order to give her her inheritance.
Blanche Ingram - Blanche Ingram is a beautiful socialite who despises Jane and hopes to marry Rochester for his money.
※Diana Rivers - Diana Rivers is Jane’s cousin, and the sister of St. John and Mary. Diana is a kind and intelligent person, and she urges Jane not to go to India with St. John. She serves as a model for Jane of an intellectually gifted and independent woman.
※Mary Rivers - Mary Rivers is Jane’s cousin, the sister of St. John and Diana. Mary is a kind and intelligent young woman who is forced to work as a governess after her father loses his fortune. Like her sister, she serves as a model for Jane of an independent woman who is also able to maintain close relationships with others and a sense of meaning in her life.
※Rosamond Oliver - Rosamond is the beautiful daughter of Mr. Oliver, Morton’s wealthiest inhabitant. Rosamond gives money to the school in Morton where Jane works. Although she is in love with St. John, she becomes engaged to the wealthy Mr. Granby.
※Uncle Reed - Uncle Reed is Mrs. Reed’s late husband. In her childhood, Jane believes that she feels the presence of his ghost. Because he was always fond of Jane and her mother (his sister), Uncle Reed made his wife promise that she would raise Jane as her own child. It is a promise that Mrs. Reed does not keep.
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| Jane Eyre starred by Mia Wasikowska |
Themes
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| Mr. Rochester |
Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
Love Versus Autonomy
Jane Eyre is very much the story of a quest to be loved. Jane searches, not just for romantic love, but also for a sense of being valued, of belonging. Thus Jane says to Helen Burns: “to gain some real affection from you, or Miss Temple, or any other whom I truly love, I would willingly submit to have the bone of my arm broken, or to let a bull toss me, or to stand behind a kicking horse, and let it dash its hoof at my chest” (Chapter 8). Yet, over the course of the book, Jane must learn how to gain love without sacrificing and harming herself in the process.
Her fear of losing her autonomy motivates her refusal of Rochester’s marriage proposal. Jane believes that “marrying” Rochester while he remains legally tied to Bertha would mean rendering herself a mistress and sacrificing her own integrity for the sake of emotional gratification. On the other hand, her life at Moor House tests her in the opposite manner. There, she enjoys economic independence and engages in worthwhile and useful work, teaching the poor; yet she lacks emotional sustenance. Although St. John proposes marriage, offering her a partnership built around a common purpose, Jane knows their marriage would remain loveless.
Nonetheless, the events of Jane’s stay at Moor House are necessary tests of Jane’s autonomy. Only after proving her self-sufficiency to herself can she marry Rochester and not be asymmetrically dependent upon him as her “master.” The marriage can be one between equals. As Jane says: “I am my husband’s life as fully as he is mine. . . . To be together is for us to be at once as free as in solitude, as gay as in company. . . . We are precisely suited in character—perfect concord is the result” (Chapter 38).
Religion
Throughout the novel, Jane struggles to find the right balance between moral duty and earthly pleasure, between obligation to her spirit and attention to her body. She encounters three main religious figures: Mr. Brocklehurst, Helen Burns, and St. John Rivers. Each represents a model of religion that Jane ultimately rejects as she forms her own ideas about faith and principle, and their practical consequences.
Mr. Brocklehurst illustrates the dangers and hypocrisies that Charlotte Brontë perceived in the nineteenth-century Evangelical movement. Mr. Brocklehurst adopts the rhetoric of Evangelicalism when he claims to be purging his students of pride, but his method of subjecting them to various privations and humiliations, like when he orders that the naturally curly hair of one of Jane’s classmates be cut so as to lie straight, is entirely un-Christian. Of course, Brocklehurst’s proscriptions are difficult to follow, and his hypocritical support of his own luxuriously wealthy family at the expense of the Lowood students shows Brontë’s wariness of the Evangelical movement. Helen Burns’s meek and forbearing mode of Christianity, on the other hand, is too passive for Jane to adopt as her own, although she loves and admires Helen for it.
Many chapters later, St. John Rivers provides another model of Christian behavior. His is a Christianity of ambition, glory, and extreme self-importance. St. John urges Jane to sacrifice her emotional deeds for the fulfillment of her moral duty, offering her a way of life that would require her to be disloyal to her own self.
Although Jane ends up rejecting all three models of religion, she does not abandon morality, spiritualism, or a belief in a Christian God. When her wedding is interrupted, she prays to God for solace (Chapter 26). As she wanders the heath, poor and starving, she puts her survival in the hands of God (Chapter 28). She strongly objects to Rochester’s lustful immorality, and she refuses to consider living with him while church and state still deem him married to another woman. Even so, Jane can barely bring herself to leave the only love she has ever known. She credits God with helping her to escape what she knows would have been an immoral life (Chapter 27).
Jane ultimately finds a comfortable middle ground. Her spiritual understanding is not hateful and oppressive like Brocklehurst’s, nor does it require retreat from the everyday world as Helen’s and St. John’s religions do. For Jane, religion helps curb immoderate passions, and it spurs one on to worldly efforts and achievements. These achievements include full self-knowledge and complete faith in God.
Social Class
Jane Eyre is critical of Victorian England’s strict social hierarchy. Brontë’s exploration of the complicated social position of governesses is perhaps the novel’s most important treatment of this theme. Like Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights, Jane is a figure of ambiguous class standing and, consequently, a source of extreme tension for the characters around her. Jane’s manners, sophistication, and education are those of an aristocrat, because Victorian governesses, who tutored children in etiquette as well as academics, were expected to possess the “culture” of the aristocracy. Yet, as paid employees, they were more or less treated as servants; thus, Jane remains penniless and powerless while at Thornfield. Jane’s understanding of the double standard crystallizes when she becomes aware of her feelings for Rochester; she is his intellectual, but not his social, equal. Even before the crisis surrounding Bertha Mason, Jane is hesitant to marry Rochester because she senses that she would feel indebted to him for “condescending” to marry her. Jane’s distress, which appears most strongly in Chapter 17, seems to be Brontë’s critique of Victorian class attitudes.
Jane herself speaks out against class prejudice at certain moments in the book. For example, in Chapter 23 she chastises Rochester: “Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you—and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you.” However, it is also important to note that nowhere in Jane Eyre are society’s boundaries bent. Ultimately, Jane is only able to marry Rochester as his equal because she has almost magically come into her own inheritance from her uncle.
Gender Relations
Jane struggles continually to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In addition to class hierarchy, she must fight against patriarchal domination—against those who believe women to be inferior to men and try to treat them as such. Three central male figures threaten her desire for equality and dignity: Mr. Brocklehurst, Edward Rochester, and St. John Rivers. All three are misogynistic on some level. Each tries to keep Jane in a submissive position, where she is unable to express her own thoughts and feelings. In her quest for independence and self-knowledge, Jane must escape Brocklehurst, reject St. John, and come to Rochester only after ensuring that they may marry as equals. This last condition is met once Jane proves herself able to function, through the time she spends at Moor House, in a community and in a family. She will not depend solely on Rochester for love and she can be financially independent. Furthermore, Rochester is blind at the novel’s end and thus dependent upon Jane to be his “prop and guide.” In Chapter 12, Jane articulates what was for her time a radically feminist philosophy:
Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for their efforts as much as their brothers do; they suffer from too rigid a restraint, too absolute a stagnation, precisely as men would suffer; and it is narrow-minded in their more privileged fellow-creatures to say that they ought to confine themselves to making puddings and knitting stockings, to playing on the piano and embroidering bags. It is thoughtless to condemn them, or laugh at them, if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex.
Motifs
Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
Fire and Ice
Fire and ice appear throughout Jane Eyre. The former represents Jane’s passions, anger, and spirit, while the latter symbolizes the oppressive forces trying to extinguish Jane’s vitality.
Fire is also a metaphor for Jane, as the narrative repeatedly associates her with images of fire, brightness, and warmth. In Chapter 4, she likens her mind to “a ridge of lighted heath, alive, glancing, devouring.” We can recognize Jane’s kindred spirits by their similar links to fire; thus we read of Rochester’s “flaming and flashing” eyes. After he has been blinded, his face is compared to “a lamp quenched, waiting to be relit” .
Fire is also a metaphor for Jane, as the narrative repeatedly associates her with images of fire, brightness, and warmth. In Chapter 4, she likens her mind to “a ridge of lighted heath, alive, glancing, devouring.” We can recognize Jane’s kindred spirits by their similar links to fire; thus we read of Rochester’s “flaming and flashing” eyes. After he has been blinded, his face is compared to “a lamp quenched, waiting to be relit” .
Images of ice and cold, often appearing in association with barren landscapes or seascapes, symbolize emotional desolation, loneliness, or even death. The “death-white realms” of the arctic that Bewick describes in his History of British Birds parallel Jane’s physical and spiritual isolation at Gateshead . Lowood’s freezing temperatures—for example, the frozen pitchers of water that greet the girls each morning—mirror Jane’s sense of psychological exile. After the interrupted wedding to Rochester, Jane describes her state of mind: “A Christmas frost had come at mid-summer: a white December storm had whirled over June; ice glazed the ripe apples, drifts crushed the blowing roses; on hay-field and corn-field lay a frozen shroud . . . and the woods, which twelve hours since waved leafy and fragrant as groves between the tropics, now spread, waste, wild, and white as pine-forests in wintry Norway. My hopes were all dead. . . .” . Finally, at Moor House, St. John’s frigidity and stiffness are established through comparisons with ice and cold rock. Jane writes: “By degrees, he acquired a certain influence over me that took away my liberty of mind. . . . I fell under a freezing spell” . When St. John proposes marriage to Jane, she concludes that “as his curate, his comrade, all would be right. . . . But as his wife—at his side always, and always restrained, and always checked—forced to keep the fire of my nature continually low, to compel it to burn inwardly and never utter a cry, though the imprisoned flame consumed vital after vital—this would be unendurable”.
Substitute Mothers
Poet and critic Adrienne Rich has noted that Jane encounters a series of nurturing and strong women on whom she can model herself, or to whom she can look for comfort and guidance: these women serve as mother-figures to the orphaned Jane.
The first such figure that Jane encounters is the servant Bessie, who soothes Jane after her trauma in the red-room and teaches her to find comfort in stories and songs. At Lowood, Jane meets Miss Temple, who has no power in the world at large, but possesses great spiritual strength and charm. Not only does she shelter Jane from pain, she also encourages her intellectual development. Of Miss Temple, Jane writes: “she had stood by me in the stead of mother, governess, and latterly, companion” (Chapter 10). Jane also finds a comforting model in Helen Burns, whose lessons in stamina teach Jane about self-worth and the power of faith.
After Jane and Rochester’s wedding is cancelled, Jane finds comfort in the moon, which appears to her in a dream as a symbol of the matriarchal spirit. Jane sees the moon as “a white human form” shining in the sky, “inclining a glorious brow earthward.” She tells us: “It spoke to my spirit: immeasurably distant was the tone, yet so near, it whispered in my heart—“My daughter, flee temptation.” Jane answers, “Mother, I will” . Waking from the dream, Jane leaves Thornfield.
Jane finds two additional mother-figures in the characters of Diana and Mary Rivers. Rich points out that the sisters bear the names of the pagan and Christian versions of “the Great Goddess”: Diana, the Virgin huntress, and Mary, the Virgin Mother. Unmarried and independent, the Rivers sisters love learning and reciting poetry and live as intellectual equals with their brother St. John.
Symbols
 |
---Bertha Mason
Bertha Mason is a complex presence in Jane Eyre. She impedes Jane’s happiness, but she also catalyses the growth of Jane’s self-understanding. The mystery surrounding Bertha establishes suspense and terror to the plot and the atmosphere. Further, Bertha serves as a remnant and reminder of Rochester’s youthful libertinism.
Yet Bertha can also be interpreted as a symbol. Some critics have read her as a statement about the way Britain feared and psychologically “locked away” the other cultures it encountered at the height of its imperialism. Others have seen her as a symbolic representation of the “trapped” Victorian wife, who is expected never to travel or work outside the house and becomes ever more frenzied as she finds no outlet for her frustration and anxiety. Within the story, then, Bertha’s insanity could serve as a warning to Jane of what complete surrender to Rochester could bring about.
One could also see Bertha as a manifestation of Jane’s subconscious feelings—specifically, of her rage against oppressive social and gender norms. Jane declares her love for Rochester, but she also secretly fears marriage to him and feels the need to rage against the imprisonment it could become for her. Jane never manifests this fear or anger, but Bertha does. Thus Bertha tears up the bridal veil, and it is Bertha’s existence that indeed stops the wedding from going forth. And, when Thornfield comes to represent a state of servitude and submission for Jane, Bertha burns it to the ground. Throughout the novel, Jane describes her inner spirit as fiery, her inner landscape as a “ridge of lighted heath” (Chapter 4). Bertha seems to be the outward manifestation of Jane’s interior fire. Bertha expresses the feelings that Jane must keep in check.
The Red-Room
 |
| The red room |
The red-room can be viewed as a symbol of what Jane must overcome in her struggles to find freedom, happiness, and a sense of belonging. In the red-room, Jane’s position of exile and imprisonment first becomes clear. Although Jane is eventually freed from the room, she continues to be socially ostracized, financially trapped, and excluded from love; her sense of independence and her freedom of self-expression are constantly threatened.
The red-room’s importance as a symbol continues throughout the novel. It reappears as a memory whenever Jane makes a connection between her current situation and that first feeling of being ridiculed. Thus she recalls the room when she is humiliated at Lowood. She also thinks of the room on the night that she decides to leave Thornfield after Rochester has tried to convince her to become an undignified mistress. Her destitute condition upon her departure from Thornfield also threatens emotional and intellectual imprisonment, as does St. John’s marriage proposal. Only after Jane has asserted herself, gained financial independence, and found a spiritual family—which turns out to be her real family—can she wed Rochester and find freedom in and through marriage.
※ostracize: to avoid someone intentionally or to prevent them from taking part in the activities of a group
=exclude
=excommunicate
=expel
※undignified: lacking dignity
=degraded
=depraved
=menial
=scurvy
※libertinage(=libertinism)
a person , usually a man ,who lives in a way that is not moral , having sexual relationships with many people
※imperialism: a system in which a country rules other countries , sometimes having used force to get power over them
(from empire+ism)
※remnant: a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount
=bit
=heritage
=fragment
=particle
=remains
=vestige(a a still existing small part or amount of something larger, stronger or more important that existed in the past but does not exist now
※subconscious: the part of your mind which notices and remembers information when you are not actively trying to do so ,and which influences your behavior although you do not realize it
=unconscious
=inner
※devour: to eat something eagerly and in large amounts so that nothing is left
※ostracize: to avoid someone intentionally or to prevent them from taking part in the activities of a group
=exclude
=excommunicate
=expel
※undignified: lacking dignity
=degraded
=depraved
=menial
=scurvy
※libertinage(=libertinism)
a person , usually a man ,who lives in a way that is not moral , having sexual relationships with many people
※imperialism: a system in which a country rules other countries , sometimes having used force to get power over them
(from empire+ism)
※remnant: a small piece or amount of something that is left from a larger original piece or amount
=bit
=heritage
=fragment
=particle
=remains
=vestige(a a still existing small part or amount of something larger, stronger or more important that existed in the past but does not exist now
※subconscious: the part of your mind which notices and remembers information when you are not actively trying to do so ,and which influences your behavior although you do not realize it
=unconscious
=inner
※devour: to eat something eagerly and in large amounts so that nothing is left
 |
| devour food |
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WEEK 36
vigil :(an act of )staying awake,especially at night,in order to be with an ill person ,or to express especially political disagreement ,or to pray
cumbersome :awkward because of being large,heavy ,or not
interrogate: to take someone a long time in order to get information ,sometimes using threats or violence.
divulge: to make something seceret kown
fluctuate: to change ,especially continuously and between one level and another
unmitigated: complete ,often describing something bad or unsuccessful that has no good or psitive points.
commodious: desribes a room or house that has a lot of space
antiquated: old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern for society
disheveled: (of people or their appearance)very untidy
tenacious: holding tightly nto something or keeping an opinion in a determined way
facade: a false appearance that is more pleasant than reality
asinine: extremely stupid
grimace: to make an expression of pain ,strong dislike,etc.in which the face twists in an ugly way
calumny: (the act of making )a statement about someone which is not true and is inteneded to damagethe reputation of that person
pittance: a very small amount of money received as payment ,income or a present
au courant: up-to -date
fastidious: giving too much attention to small details and wanting everything to be correct and perfect
noisome: very unpleasant and offensive
unkempt: untidy ;not cared for
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WEEK 43
roster: a list of people's names,often with the jobs they have been given to do
stunted : prevented from growing or developing to the usual extent
atrophy : (of a part of the body) to be reduced in size and therefore strength,or more, generally ,to become weaker.
ameliorate: to make bad or unpleasant situation better
cynic： a person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere.
unctuous: describes people or behavior expressing too much praise ,interest .friendliness ,etc,in a way that is false and unpleasant.
benevolent: kine and helpful
subservient: willing to do what other people want,or considering your wishes as less important than those of other people.
iniquity: a very and unfair action or situation
largess: willingness to give money, or money given to poor people by rich people
=philanthropic: helping poor people,especially by giving them money
criterion: a standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with something
repent: to be very sorry for something bad you have done in the past and wish that you had not done it
mollify: to make someone less angry or upset
(<-->mortify: scare,embarrass
mercenary: interested only in the amount of money that you can get from a situation
pariah: a person who is not accepted by a special group ,especially because he or she is not liked ,respected or trusted.
aloof: describes an unfriendly person ,who refuses to take part in things
pragmatic: solving problems in a realistic conditions rather than obeying fixed theories ,ideas or rules.
vestige: to still exisiting small part or amount of somehitng larger ,stronger or more important that existed in the past but does not exist now
guise: to appearance of someone or something ,especially when intended to deceive.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 44
nullify: to make a legal agreement or decision have no legal force
deluge: a very large amount of rain or water
futility: the quality or state of being futile
= uselessness
carnage: the violent killing of large number of people, especially in war
libel: a piece of writing which contains bad and false things about a person
defamatory: the act of defaming another
=calumny
plaintiff: someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court
canard: a false report or piece of information which is intended to deceive people
deprecate: to not approve of something or say that you do not approve of something
reputed: said to be the true situation although this is not known to be certain and may not be likely
frail: weak or unhealthy, or easily danaged ,broken or harmed
potent: very powerful ,forceful or effective
excoriate: to state the opinion that a play, a book, a political action,etc.is very bad
devout: believing stri strongly in a religion and obeying all its rules or principles.
diminutive: very small
profuse: produed or given in large amounts
dulcet: (Literary)describes sounds that are soft and pleasant to listen to
impromptu: done or said without earlier planning or preparation
malevolent: causing or wanting to cause harm or evil
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 45
appalled: to make someone have strong feelings of shock or of disapproval
=obsolete
bagatelle: (Literary)something ,especially a sum of money,that is small and not important
brigand: a thief with a weapon ,especially one of the group living in the countryside and stealing from people traveling
callow: describes someone ,especially a young person, who behaves in way that shows they have little experience, confidence or judgment
corpulent: fat
decapitate: to cut off the head of a person
emissary: a person sent by one government or political leader to another to take message or to take part in discussion
livid : (1)extremely angry
(2)(COLOUR)especially of marks on the skin→of an unpleasant purple or dark blue color
martinet: someone who demands that rules and orders always be obeyed. eevn when it is unnecessary or unreasonable to do so
penchant: a liking for ,an enjoyment of ,or a havbit of doing something ,especially something that other people might not like
raconteur: someone who tells funny or interesting stories
rail:(Noun)=bar→a horizontal bar fixed in position ,especially to a wall or to vertical posts ,used to close something off, as a support ,or to hang things on
(VERB)to complain angrily
raiment: clothes
rift: (1)a large crack in the ground or in rock
(2)a serious disagreement which seperates two people who have been friends and stops their friendship continuing
ruminate: clothes
sullen: angry and unwilling to smile or be pleasant to people
taut: tight or completely stretched
termagant: a woman eho argues noisily to get or achieve what she wants
wistful: sad and thinking about that is impossible or in the past
yen: (IMFORMAL)a strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something
=crave
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 46
ascertain: to discover ；to make certain
burgeoned:to develop or grow quickly
charisma :a special power which some people have naturally which makes them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration
dearth :an amount or supply which is not large enough
derived: to get something from something else
disseminated :no longer believing in the value of something,especially having learned of the problems with it
dormant: describes something that is not active or growing ,but which has the ability to be active at a later time
encomium:
=compliment
=eulogy
=salutation
=praise
=tribute
factitious: false or artificial
genocide: the murder of a whole group of people ,especially a whole nation,race or religious group
=massacre
=holocaust
=carnage
=slaughter
hyperbole: a way f speaking or writing that makes someone or something sound bigger ,better or , more,etc. than they are
=hype
=overstatement
=embellishment
munificent :very generous with money
nepotism: using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for numbers of your own family
=bias
=inequity
=partisanship
obloquy=abuse =aspersion=humiliation=ignominy=invective=censure=slander
potentate: a ruler who has a lot of power is not limited,for example by the existence of a parliament
prerogative: something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone
prevaricate: to avoid telling the truth or saying exactly what you think
sophistry=fallacy=inconsistency=trickery=ambiguity
tyro: a person who is new to an activity
internecine: A Internecine War or fighting between members of the same group ,religion or country
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 36
vigil :(an act of )staying awake,especially at night,in order to be with an ill person ,or to express especially political disagreement ,or to pray
cumbersome :awkward because of being large,heavy ,or not
interrogate: to take someone a long time in order to get information ,sometimes using threats or violence.
divulge: to make something seceret kown
fluctuate: to change ,especially continuously and between one level and another
unmitigated: complete ,often describing something bad or unsuccessful that has no good or psitive points.
commodious: desribes a room or house that has a lot of space
antiquated: old-fashioned or unsuitable for modern for society
disheveled: (of people or their appearance)very untidy
tenacious: holding tightly nto something or keeping an opinion in a determined way
facade: a false appearance that is more pleasant than reality
asinine: extremely stupid
grimace: to make an expression of pain ,strong dislike,etc.in which the face twists in an ugly way
calumny: (the act of making )a statement about someone which is not true and is inteneded to damagethe reputation of that person
pittance: a very small amount of money received as payment ,income or a present
au courant: up-to -date
fastidious: giving too much attention to small details and wanting everything to be correct and perfect
noisome: very unpleasant and offensive
unkempt: untidy ;not cared for
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 43
roster: a list of people's names,often with the jobs they have been given to do
stunted : prevented from growing or developing to the usual extent
atrophy : (of a part of the body) to be reduced in size and therefore strength,or more, generally ,to become weaker.
ameliorate: to make bad or unpleasant situation better
cynic： a person who believes that people are only interested in themselves and are not sincere.
unctuous: describes people or behavior expressing too much praise ,interest .friendliness ,etc,in a way that is false and unpleasant.
benevolent: kine and helpful
subservient: willing to do what other people want,or considering your wishes as less important than those of other people.
iniquity: a very and unfair action or situation
largess: willingness to give money, or money given to poor people by rich people
=philanthropic: helping poor people,especially by giving them money
criterion: a standard by which you judge, decide about or deal with something
repent: to be very sorry for something bad you have done in the past and wish that you had not done it
mollify: to make someone less angry or upset
(<-->mortify: scare,embarrass
mercenary: interested only in the amount of money that you can get from a situation
pariah: a person who is not accepted by a special group ,especially because he or she is not liked ,respected or trusted.
aloof: describes an unfriendly person ,who refuses to take part in things
pragmatic: solving problems in a realistic conditions rather than obeying fixed theories ,ideas or rules.
vestige: to still exisiting small part or amount of somehitng larger ,stronger or more important that existed in the past but does not exist now
guise: to appearance of someone or something ,especially when intended to deceive.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 44
nullify: to make a legal agreement or decision have no legal force
deluge: a very large amount of rain or water
futility: the quality or state of being futile
= uselessness
carnage: the violent killing of large number of people, especially in war
libel: a piece of writing which contains bad and false things about a person
defamatory: the act of defaming another
=calumny
plaintiff: someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court
canard: a false report or piece of information which is intended to deceive people
deprecate: to not approve of something or say that you do not approve of something
reputed: said to be the true situation although this is not known to be certain and may not be likely
frail: weak or unhealthy, or easily danaged ,broken or harmed
potent: very powerful ,forceful or effective
excoriate: to state the opinion that a play, a book, a political action,etc.is very bad
devout: believing stri strongly in a religion and obeying all its rules or principles.
diminutive: very small
profuse: produed or given in large amounts
dulcet: (Literary)describes sounds that are soft and pleasant to listen to
impromptu: done or said without earlier planning or preparation
malevolent: causing or wanting to cause harm or evil
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 45
appalled: to make someone have strong feelings of shock or of disapproval
=obsolete
bagatelle: (Literary)something ,especially a sum of money,that is small and not important
brigand: a thief with a weapon ,especially one of the group living in the countryside and stealing from people traveling
callow: describes someone ,especially a young person, who behaves in way that shows they have little experience, confidence or judgment
corpulent: fat
decapitate: to cut off the head of a person
emissary: a person sent by one government or political leader to another to take message or to take part in discussion
livid : (1)extremely angry
(2)(COLOUR)especially of marks on the skin→of an unpleasant purple or dark blue color
martinet: someone who demands that rules and orders always be obeyed. eevn when it is unnecessary or unreasonable to do so
penchant: a liking for ,an enjoyment of ,or a havbit of doing something ,especially something that other people might not like
raconteur: someone who tells funny or interesting stories
rail:(Noun)=bar→a horizontal bar fixed in position ,especially to a wall or to vertical posts ,used to close something off, as a support ,or to hang things on
(VERB)to complain angrily
raiment: clothes
rift: (1)a large crack in the ground or in rock
 |
| Grjotagja rock rift |
ruminate: clothes
sullen: angry and unwilling to smile or be pleasant to people
taut: tight or completely stretched
termagant: a woman eho argues noisily to get or achieve what she wants
wistful: sad and thinking about that is impossible or in the past
yen: (IMFORMAL)a strong feeling of wanting or wishing for something
=crave
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WEEK 46
ascertain: to discover ；to make certain
burgeoned:to develop or grow quickly
charisma :a special power which some people have naturally which makes them able to influence other people and attract their attention and admiration
dearth :an amount or supply which is not large enough
derived: to get something from something else
disseminated :no longer believing in the value of something,especially having learned of the problems with it
dormant: describes something that is not active or growing ,but which has the ability to be active at a later time
encomium:
=compliment
=eulogy
=salutation
=praise
=tribute
factitious: false or artificial
genocide: the murder of a whole group of people ,especially a whole nation,race or religious group
=massacre
=holocaust
=carnage
=slaughter
hyperbole: a way f speaking or writing that makes someone or something sound bigger ,better or , more,etc. than they are
=hype
=overstatement
=embellishment
munificent :very generous with money
nepotism: using your power or influence to get good jobs or unfair advantages for numbers of your own family
=bias
=inequity
=partisanship
obloquy=abuse =aspersion=humiliation=ignominy=invective=censure=slander
potentate: a ruler who has a lot of power is not limited,for example by the existence of a parliament
prerogative: something which some people are able or allowed to do or have, but which is not possible or allowed for everyone
prevaricate: to avoid telling the truth or saying exactly what you think
sophistry=fallacy=inconsistency=trickery=ambiguity
tyro: a person who is new to an activity
internecine: A Internecine War or fighting between members of the same group ,religion or country
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I fetched this two books today~Sooooooo EXITED!!!
